Wave alakaʻi awa – papa hoʻohālikelike nui flange

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pilina ma waena o **nā anana awa alakaʻi nalu**, **nui flange**, a me **ʻauʻau alapine ** e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mīkini a me ka hana RF maikaʻi loa. Aia ma lalo iho kahi papa hoʻohālikelike maʻalahi a me nā loina koʻikoʻi no nā alakaʻi nalu maʻamau a me ko lākou mau flanges pili.

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### **Nā Manaʻo Kiʻi**
1. **Waveguide Manaʻo**:
Hoʻopili ʻia nā alakaʻi nalu me "WR" (Waveguide Rectangular) a ukali ʻia e kekahi helu (e laʻa, WR-90). Hoʻopili ka helu i ka **ka pā ākea o loko** i loko o nā haneli ʻīniha (e laʻa, WR-90 ≈ 0.90" laula loko).
- Laʻana: WR-90 = 0.9" (22.86 mm) laula loko.

2. **Nā ʻAno Flange**:
Hoʻohālikelike nā Flange i ka pilina ma waena o nā alakaʻi nalu. Aia nā ʻano maʻamau:
- **UG/UPC** (MIL-STD): ʻO ka pūʻali koa maʻamau (e laʻa, UG-387/UPC).
- **CPR** (Kalepa): Nā kūlana ʻEulopa (e laʻa, CPR-137).
- **Choke Flanges**: No ka haʻahaʻa-leakage, mana kiʻekiʻe.
- **Uhi Flanges**: ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi, hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka momi.

3. **Nā Kaha Alapine**:
Kākoʻo kēlā me kēia alakaʻi nalu i kahi ʻano alapine e pili ana i kona mau ana.

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### **Pakaukau Hoʻohālikelike Waveguide-to-Flange**
| **Alakaʻi nalu** | **Lahui alapine ** | ** ʻAno Flange** | **Nā Flange (Maʻamau)** | **Nīnau** |
|----------------|-------------------------|----------------------|------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| **WR-90** | 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band) | UG-387/UPC (MIL) | Poʻai Bolt: 1.872" (47.5 mm) | Radar, nā kelepona ukali |
| **WR-112** | 7.05–10 GHz (C-band) | UG-595/UPC | Poʻai Bolt: 2.400" (61.0 mm) | Radar, kelepona |
| **WR-62** | 12.4–18 GHz (Ku-band) | UG-385/UPC | Poʻai Bolt: 1.250" (31.75 mm) | Satellite, ʻōnaehana koa |
| **WR-42** | 18–26.5 GHz (K-band) | UG-383/UPC | Poʻai Bolt: 0.800" (20.3 mm) | Radar alapine kiʻekiʻe |
| **WR-28** | 26.5–40 GHz (Ka-band) | UG-599/UPC | Pōʻai Bolt: 0.600" (15.2 mm) | 5G, radar kaʻa |
| **WR-15** | 50–75 GHz (V-band) | UG-387Mini/UPC | Poʻai Bolt: 0.400" (10.2 mm) | hawewe mm, noiʻi |

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### **Nā Flange (Maʻamau)**
1. **Bolt Circle Diameter (BCD)**: Anawaena o ka pōʻai i hana ʻia e nā kikowaena o nā bolts kau.
2. **Sawa Puka**: Ka mamao ma waena o nā puka kī (e laʻa, nā kumu hoʻohālike 4-hole a i ʻole 8-puka).
3. **Waveguide Aperture**: Hoʻohālikelike i nā ana o loko o ke alakaʻi nalu.

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### **Na Pilina Nui**
1. **Ka nui alakaʻi nalu ↔ Ka nui Flange**:
- Hoʻohana nā alakaʻi nalu nui (nā alapine haʻahaʻa) i nā flange nui (e laʻa, WR-112 flange > WR-90 flange).
- Hoʻohana nā alakaʻi nalu liʻiliʻi (nā alapine kiʻekiʻe) i nā flanges paʻa (e laʻa, WR-28, WR-15).

2. **Flange Compatibility**:
- Pono nā Flanges e like me **mechanically** (hole alignment, BCD) a me **electrically** (impedance continuity).
- Pono ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano flange (e laʻa, UG-387 me CPR-137).

3. **Nā kūlana ma ka ʻāpana**:
- **MIL-STD (UG/UPC)**: Mea maʻamau i nā ʻōnaehana pale ʻAmelika.
- **IEC/CPR**: Mea maʻamau i nā ʻōnaehana kalepa ʻEulopa.

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### **Laʻana Flange Standard**
| ** ʻAno Flange** | **Kukui Waveguide ** | **Na Hiʻona Nui** |
|-----------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| **UG-387/UPC** | WR-90, WR-62, WR-42 | 4-puka, MIL-STD-392, hoʻohana nui ʻia. |
| **UG-599/UPC** | WR-28, WR-15 | Compact, no nā ʻōnaehana mmWave. |
| **CPR-137** | WR-112, WR-90 | ʻEulopa maʻamau, 8-hole kumu. |
| **Hōʻokiʻoki ʻia ** | Pau | Hoʻolālā grooved no ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. |

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### **Memo**
- E hōʻoia mau i ** nā kiʻi mechanical ** mai nā mea hana no nā ana kikoʻī.
- Nā flanges like ʻole ke kumu ** impedance discontinuities **, alakaʻi i ka VSWR degradation.
- No nā ʻōnaehana vacuum, e hoʻohana i ka **O-ring sealed cover flanges**.

E haʻi mai iaʻu inā makemake ʻoe i kahi hui hawewe-flange kikoʻī!